Ventral Slot Surgery Recovery

  
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Or MRI, a ventral cervical slot procedure allows access to the spinal cord and removal of the extruded material. The ventral slot technique relieves pressure from the spinal cord and also fenestrates additional cervical discs to remove abnormal nuclear material and prevent at-risk discs from rupturing in the future. Hi, does anyone have any experience with this surgery. My Seger is 6 1/2 and just had CT done and Ortho Vet said he need surgery since C6&C7 are pressing on his spinal cord causing wobblers. All other disks are fine. Seger has unsteady rear legs and front legs are choppy when he walks.

Cervical Ventral Slot Recovery in Dogs. The dog should be monitored very closely in the days following the surgery. A catheter may be needed to relieve the ..Send toivdd recovery post ventral slot surgery dogs surgery

The ventral slot surgery dogs Disc: Anatomy and PathologyCervical Ventral Slot - Arkansas Veterinary Surgery CenterAcute adverse events associated with ventral slot decompression in ..

Ventral slot - an overview ScienceDirect TopicsPostoperative Care:Animals: Dogs (n = 17) with single static intervertebral disc disease. Methods: On ... ventral slot surgery dogs vical Spinal Cord Compression after Ventral Slot Surgery in 17 Dogs with Static Cervical ... ferential in future cases in which neurologic recovery after.

What is Cervical Ventral Slot?

When a dog experiences a slipped, ruptured, or herniated disc, damage from the displaced disc can result in injury to the spinal cord. This causes the hind legs to be weakened, sometimes to the point of paralysis. The disc compresses the root of the nerve, which is excruciatingly painful for the animal. Instances of lameness may be ongoing or may occur seemingly out of nowhere.

Ventral

The deterioration of a disc can be the result of genetic issues or can develop from the regular aging process. To treat this issue, often surgery is needed to remove all damaged materials causing the pain. This procedure is called a cervical ventral slot surgery. In this operation, the spinal cord is drilled open and the deteriorated disc is taken out. This surgery may be paired with other treatments or procedures. It should only be performed by an ACVS board-certified veterinary surgeon.

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Cervical ventral slot procedure at Arkansas Veterinary Surgery Center Unfortunately for dogs, disc disease is quite a common problem – especially in smaller ..Ventral SlotEffect of Ventral Slot Procedure on Spinal Cord Compression in .. MiscellaneousMenuventral slot surgery recoveryhemilaminectomy The Disc: Treating Back and Neck Disc Disease - Veterinary Surgical Centers. .. The chance of your pet recovering from a ruptured disc depends on overall .. or MRI, a ventral cervical slot procedure allows access to the spinal cord and ..

Pathophysiology

IVD DEGENERATION

Biochemically, the IVD consists of proteoglycans, glycoproteins, and both collagenous and noncollagenous proteins. In the immature dog, the composition of the nucleus pulposus is higher in proteoglycans and glycoproteins while the anulus fibrosus has a higher collagen content ( 7,68 ) (Figs. 62-2 through 62-4 ).

FIG-62-2 Mesenchymal tissue taken from the lumbar area of a canine fetus 30 days postfertilization At this stage, the notochord chord is present and intact. The spinal cord is developing at the top The notochord, at the site of the nucleus pulposus, is looped over The notochord cells are no longer dividing at this stage but are capable of producing matrix. Segments of the vertebral bodies, the nuclei pulposi, and the anuli fibrosi are identified. (Courtesy of Dr. w. H. Riser)
FIG. 62-3 Lumbar spine of a 35-day fetus, 5 days after Figure 62-2. The cavity of the nucleus pulposus is formed. The notochord has disappeared, the anulus fibrosus is more prominent, and the mesenchymal cells of the vertebral bodies have hypertrophied. (Courtesy of Dr. W. H. Riser)
FIG. 62-4 Lumbar spine of a l-week-old Great Dane. The vertebral epiphyses are composed Of cartilage, but ossification is beginning. Primary bony trabeculae have been formed, and blood vessels are present where they entered from the periphery of the midvertebral area. The structural components of the IVD, the anulus fibrosus, the nucleus pulposus cartilage lining of the nucleus pulposus cavity, and the notochord remnant cells are all well defined. (Courtesy of Dr. W. H. Riser)
FIG. 62-5 Lumbar spine of an aged beagle in which the notochord cells have been replaced entirely by chondroid cells. This nuclear material has ruptured the anulus fibrosus fibers and migrated both dorsally into the spinal canal and ventrally, causing the formation of spondolysis and osteophyte bridging of the adjoining vertebral bodies. (Courtesy of Dr. W. H. Riser)
FIG. 62-6 IVD and lumbar spine of a 12-year-old German shepherd. The nuclear chondroid material has ruptured the anulus fibers and migrated dorsally into the spinal canal and ventrally, causing the formation of spondolysis and osteophyte budging of the adjoining vertebral bodies. (Courtesy of Dr. W. H. Riser)

IVD PROTRUSION

Degenerative changes in the IVD begin at the periphery of the nucleus, proceed centrally, and are usually accompanied by degeneration of the anulus. As the dorsal anulus degenerates, the nucleus pulposus follows a path of least resistance and begins to protrude dorsally ( 23,28 ) ( Fig. 62-7 ). Other pathways of IVD protrusion (lateral, ventral) occur but may be less significant. ( 68 )

FIG. 62-7 Lumbar spine of a 4-year-old dachshund with hindlimb paresis in which the IVD is chondrometaplastic. Chondroid material is present in the spinal canal, causing injury to the spinal cord. The material has also migrated ventrally, causing spondolysis and osteophyte formation. (Courtesy of Dr. W. H. Riser)
FIG. 62-8 Hansen type I and type 2 IVD protrusions. (Redrawn after Shores A: Intervertebral disk syndrome in the dog: Part 1. Pathophysiology and management. The Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian 3:639-647, 1981)

The surgical approach for removal of a herniated disc depends upon the location of the disc material within the spinal capp. A ventral slot procedure is the most common surgical procedure for disc herniation in the cervical spine. .. When indicated surgical success with a ventral ..Procedures & Techniques Coeur Dalene Casino Restaurant 6 May 2017 .. A ventral slot is a ventral surgical approach to the spinal capp through the vertebral body and disk. This technique is most commonly used to ..

Ventral Slot Surgery Recovery Disk

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History

Acute adverse events associated with ventral slot decompression in 546 dogs with cervical intervertebral disc disease.

Rossmeisl JH Jr 1, White C , Pancotto TE , Bays A , Henao-Guerrero PN .

Author information

1Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia.

Abstract

OBJECTIVE:

To report the frequency, types, and risk factors for acute perioperative adverse events (AEs) in dogs that had ventral slot decompression (VSD) for cervical intervertebral disc disease (IVDD).

DESIGN:

Retrospective, case-control study.

ANIMALS:

Dogs (n = 546) with cervical IVDD treated by VSD; 54 cases experiencing AE and 492 controls.

METHODS:

Historical, clinical, diagnostic, operative, and outcome data were collected. AE were graded using a Spine Adverse Events Severity (SAVES) system. Associations between the development of AE and hypothesized risk factors were analyzed using bi- and multi-variable analyses.

RESULTS:

CONCLUSIONS:

AE occurred in 9.9% of dogs that had VSD, and were significantly associated with perioperative hypotension, C7-T1 disc extrusions, surgeon experience, and NSAID usage. Identification of a major postoperative AE is an indication for immediate diagnostic imaging studies, as 50% of dogs experiencing major AE required reoperation.

PMID: 23980621 DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-950X.2013.12039.x [Indexed for MEDLINE] Share

Publication type, MeSH terms

Publication type

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Animals
  • Case-Control Studies
  • Cervical Vertebrae/surgery
  • Decompression, Surgical/adverse effects
  • Decompression, Surgical/veterinary*
  • Dog Diseases/surgery*
  • Dogs
  • Female
  • Intervertebral Disc Displacement/surgery
  • Intervertebral Disc Displacement/veterinary*
  • Male
  • Postoperative Complications/veterinary*
  • Retrospective Studies
  • Risk Factors
  • Treatment Outcome

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Cervical Ventral Slot Prevention in Dogs

Dog breeds that carry a genetic deformity of the legs that causes them to be angled and shorter in height (called chondrodystrophy) experience disc deterioration much earlier than other breeds. Obtain the dog's family health history when purchasing the animal. Watch its movement closely during the first year to spot the first signs of disc herniation. Do not breed dogs that present with early intervertebral disc disease.

For aged dogs, preventing certain movements can help a weakened disc to heal. Keep the dog from jumping up onto furniture or other objects. Do not allow the dog to go up or down stairs if possible. Regular exercise that is not excessive has also been proven to help keep a dog's spine healthy. Dogs who are of appropriate weight experience less disc problems than overweight ones. Provide a high-quality and healthy diet for your animal.

Thank you Dr McDonnell, Dr Harris and Dr Langford! Sam is pain free and doing sooooo well!Sam is my 5 year old Chinese Crested dog... I adopted Sam about 2 years ago. He has always been such an awesome, high energy, active guy.... super agile, a big runner, jumper, sort of a crazy wildman! Sam is sweet to his family, but he hates the neighbors... he bites the chain link fence thinking he can get at them....but that biting of the fence, wild jumping, etc probably caused his issue.Recently, Sam had neck issues... his back was hunched up, he was crying constantly in pain, he would not eat and would not rest because the pain was so bad. It was horrible to see this high energy, healthy dog in agonizing pain.We visited his doc a few times - Dr Langford at Three Notch Veterinary Hospital, and he knew what the problem was right away. He was sure it was a cervical disc issue. We tried controlling his pain with meds, but it did not go any good....Dr Langford referred us to Veterinary Neurology of the Chesapeake, where we met Dr Harris and Dr McDonnell.We tried a few other meds, but it was recommended that Sam have an MRI to see what is causing all this pain....so we scheduled the MRI, and sure enough, it was a disc rupture between C3 and C4. Dr Harris said that Sam's condition would improve with surgery....so he stayed the night at the hospital and Dr McDonnell performed surgery the following afternoon.Veterinary Neurology of the Chesapeake has an awesome staff working around the clock. I was updated constantly about Sam's condition as he started his recovery.... Ryan, Dr McDonnell's vet tech, was such a great communicator who really helped me stay positive through the whole ordeal.By Sunday, Sam was ready to come home. He is on confined rest for the next 6-8 weeks. Too much movement can cause scar tissue to form and that would be terrible...so, Sam is crated (this is new to him) and only taken out to go potty.You will see the drastic change in this video from day 2, post surgery, to day 5.... He can shake his whole body, stretch, walk straight with a little skip to his step, etc.... in 5 days, post surgery, Sam is doing awesome!Thank you Dr McDonnell, Dr Harris and Dr Langford!

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    Ventral Slot num Bulldog Françês com hérnia cervical. Imagens do TAC pré-cirúrgico, pós-cirúrgico e video do animal durante o recobro.

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    Cervical IVD Syndrome

    FIG. 62-10 Severe pain and muscle spasms associated with a cervical IVD protrusion . (Courtesy of Dr. G. Lantz) FIG. 62-11 An IVD protrusion at C4-5, demonstrating a narrowed IVD space and an opacified density within the spinal canal.

    FIG. 62-12 A cervical myelogram demonstrating compression of the spinal cord by an IVD protrusion at C3-4.
    FIG. 62-13 Ventral cervical IVD fenestration.(A) Curved Kelly forceps are used to dissect and retract the longus colli muscle over the ventral anulus and a No. 11 scalpel blade is used to cut a window in the ventral annulus. (B) The nucleus pulposus is removed using a 3-0 or 4-0 bone curette. FIG. 62-14 Ventral cervical slot A surgical drill is used to perform a ventral cervical decompression. The slot is one half the ventral vertebral body width and one third the length of each bordering vertebra. (A, IVD anulus; B. Spinal cord) (Redrawn alter Shores A: Intervertebral disk syndrome in the dog: Part 11 Cervical disk surgery The Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing veterinarian 3, No. 9:805-813, 1981)FIG. 62-15 Hemilaminectomy of cervical vertebrae C3-5. A small shelf of the laminae above the ventral border of the spinal cord is preserved. (A, dorsal laminae; B. caudal articular process of C3; C, vertebral vessels; D, spinal nerve root)

    Pet Rehab Is Going Mainstream Journal list menuThe Disc: Treating Back and Neck Disc Disease - Veterinary Surgical Centers. .. The chance of your pet recovering from a ruptured disc depends on overall .. or MRI, a ventral cervical slot procedure allows access to the spinal cord and .. Reggie's IVDD 'ventral slot' surgery's recovery on the first day at ..Comparison of recovery times and complication rates between a ..


MENU
Abstract – Treatment and Prognosis
Treatment
Surgical Treatment
Direct Access Decompression
Indirect Decompression
Domino Lesion or Adjacent Segment Disease
Direct Decompression with Distraction and Dynamic Stabilization
Advantages of Cervical Disc Arthroplasty versus Standard Surgical Techniques
Conclusion
Bibliography


Abstract – Treatment and Prognosis

Bone associated wobbler syndrome (BAWS) and disc associated wobbler syndrome (DAWS) in dogs can be treated either medically or surgically. However, both conditions are considered surgical diseases and medical conservative treatment is associated with a guarded prognosis. While for BAWS direct spinal cord decompression through a dorsal laminectomy or hemilaminectomy seems to be the best way to treat this disease process, the ideal surgical procedure for DAWS still does not exist. Preliminary clinical studies are showing that cervical disc prosthesis may be a valuable method to treat DAWS in dog.


Treatment
Medical treatment
Medical treatment for dogs affected by DAWS and BAWS is similar. Activity restriction and corticosteroids may be indicated in a normal dog with a first episode of neurologic deficits following minor trauma; otherwise, surgery is the treatment of choice. Conservatively treated dogs should have activity restriction for at least two months – they can be walked on leash (preferably attached to a chest harness rather than a collar), but free unsupervised activity should be avoided. This is to minimize high impact activities that could exacerbate the dynamic component of spinal cord compression. Corticosteroids at an anti-inflammatory dose (prednisone 0.5 mg/kg every 12 hours) tapered over 2 to 3 weeks has been recommended.1 Alternately, dexamethasone (0.2 to 0.25 mg/kg every 24 hours [not to exceed 8 mg/dog] initially for 1 to 3 days depending on the severity of the clinical signs, and then continue with 0.1 mg/kg every 24) has also been recommended.1 A gastrointestinal protector such as famotidine (0.5 mg/kg every 12-24 hours) or omeprazole (0.7 mg/kg every 24 hours) may be used in conjunction with corticosteroids. However, due to the many side effects of corticosteroid, their prolonged use is not recommended. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may be used when corticosteroids are contraindicated or when clinical signs are limited to cervical pain. The use of corticosteroids is more indicated in patients with more severe neurologic signs (ataxia, paraparesis or tetraparesis), and their ability to reduce interstitial spinal cord edema may have some prognostic value in establishing the reversibility of the spinal cord lesion. Physical therapy and electroacuncture have also been reported. 2,3 Recent studies that evaluated non-surgical or surgical treatments reported that 81% of the dogs treated surgically (via ventral slot, dorsal laminectomy, or distraction and fusion) improved, while 54% and 45% of dogs, respectively, improved with medical treatment.4-6 In a more recent study, conservative medical treatment provided long-term improvement for only 38% of dogs.7 These studies concluded that conservative treatment for DAWS is associated with a guarded prognosis.4-6 Importantly, the neurologic status of dogs at 1 month after diagnosis of DAWS seems to be critical for determining the outcome of conservative medical treatment. In all dogs in which conservative medical treatment was unsuccessful, the neurologic condition had deteriorated at 1 month after diagnosis of DAWS. In these dogs, deterioration of clinical status was generally rapid and progressed to tetraplegia within 6 months after diagnosis.7 Therefore, evaluation of neurologic condition at 1 month after diagnosis of DAWS is essential to identify the patients in which the clinical condition is likely to deteriorate to a non-ambulatory status without surgical intervention. This may be used as a prognostic indicator and for earlier identification of surgical candidates, before the spinal cord damage becomes irreversible.7


Surgical Treatment
Many surgical techniques have been described to treat DAWS, while the surgical options for BAWS are still limited. The surgical techniques can be broadly divided into three categories:
a) direct access decompression,
b) indirect decompression by ventral distraction-stabilization-fusion
c) direct decompression with distraction and dynamic stabilization.
Reported results for surgical treatment of DAWS are summarized in table 1.


Direct Access Decompression
a) Dorsal laminectomy
This technique is primarily indicated for dogs with BAWS with dorsal or dorsolateral spinal cord compression.8 Dorsal laminectomy is the least commonly used surgical technique for dogs with DAWS, but it may be indicated for dogs with DAWS with compression in multiple spaces. It can be performed by a continuous dorsal laminectomy (usually from C4 to C7) or by single dorsal laminectomy at the affected site.8-10 The major disadvantages of this technique are (a) that the ventrally located disc material cannot be removed, and (b) there may be significant, short-term morbidity with deterioration of neurologic status leading to considerable nursing problems (Fig. 1).
This technique requires an extensive soft-tissue approach, and ventrally located disc cannot be removed. The decompressed spinal cord (multiple arrows) is visible after the removal of the dorsal lamina and the interarcuate ligaments of the affected vertebrae. The degenerated articular facets (asterisks) are also visible.(A) Same dog of Fig. A requiring intense post-operative nursing care.(B)

In one study, which included dogs affected by BAWS and DAWS, post-operative morbidity was high and 70% of dogs had worsened neurologic status 2 days after surgery. This immediate post-operative decline was attributed to transient instability. This may be a negative factor, particularly in dogs with DAWS, which already have a degree of instability at the affected intervertebral space(s) as part of the disease pathogenesis. Surgical removal of the dorsal portion of the vertebrae and ligamentous tissue may result in further instability that would likely manifest as clinical worsening. However, clinical improvement is expected to follow the initial deterioration as the area re-stabilizes over time. Furthermore, the dorsal approach requires extensive soft tissue dissection, which produces significant tissue trauma and post-operative edema, a contributing factor to the high morbidity.8 Post-operative complications, including decubital ulcers, seroma formation and recurrence of clinical signs have been reported in 30% of dogs with a mean length of hospitalization of 8.3 days.8 Formation of a laminectomy membrane at the surgical site may cause restrictive fibrosis during healing, which is mostly responsible for delayed recurrence of neurologic signs.8 However, in two separate studies, dorsal laminectomy was reported to be successful in providing long-term improvement in the post-operative neurologic status in 19 of 20 dogs and in 11 of 14 dogs, respectively.8,11 For dogs that become or remain non-ambulatory after surgery, it has been reported to take an average of 2.5 months to regain ambulatory status without assistance. The mortality rate related to euthanasia performed secondary to recurrence of clinical signs is 15%.8 In the author’s experience, dogs with BAWS treated with dorsal laminectomy tend to have a shorter post-operative recover time and a better outcome than dogs affected by DAWS treated with this technique.

b) Hemilaminectomy
Cervical hemilaminectomy in dogs through a modified lateral approach has been reported to facilitate treatment of lateralized and foraminal cervical spinal lesion associate with BAWS, DAWS, as well other cervical spinal diseases.12 None of the 16 dogs in this study had post-operative deterioration in neurologic status. Outcomes were good to excellent in 2 dogs with BAWS and 1 of the 2 dogs with DAWS. Hospitalization, time to optimal recovery, and overall outcome were not different from previously reported results using other surgical approaches to treat analogous neurologic conditions. Although the long-term follow up was not available for all patients in this study, outcomes were generally favorable.

c) Ventral slot
Ventral slot is the surgical technique primarily indicated for single ventral static compressions, and there is extensive experience with its use.1,13 In the standard ventral slot technique, the slot should not exceed one-third of the length and width of the vertebral body (Fig. 2).
A slot is performed between the two vertebrae until the protruded disc with the associated thickened ligaments are reached and removed. The slot should not exceed one third of the length and width of the vertebral bodies. After decompression, nothing usually is placed to fill the slot and fusion may occur in 6-8 weeks. Alternatively, to promote fusion, a cancellous bone graft harvest from the head of humerus may be packed in the slot.

All disc protrusion and hypertrophic ligament should be removed to effectively decompress the spinal cord. The ventral slot technique when properly performed offers adequate spinal decompression, and fusion is expected to occur between 8 and 12 weeks after surgery.1 However, ventral decompression can be technically challenging and can exacerbate vertebral instability. Bleeding from the internal vertebral venous plexus is a major complication of ventral slot decompression and care should be exercised to avoid injuring this structure. If bleeding occurs, it can prolong surgery considerably, can lead to incomplete spinal cord decompression, and if profound may require cessation of the surgery and blood transfusion.14 Ventral slot decompression may also result in further collapse of the disc space and worsening of the spinal cord compression because of additional in-folding of the ligamentous structures and joint capsules. Post-operative complications occurred in over 20% of DAWS patients treated with a ventral slot.15,16 Collapse of the intervertebral space can also compress the nerve roots and radicular arteries in the intervertebral foramen, which can cause cervical pain and focal spinal cord ischemia. Vertebral subluxation and death shortly after surgery have been also reported.16,17 The recovery rate after standard ventral slot decompression has been reported to be 4 to 6.5 weeks.14,16 Duration of hospitalization stay and the mean time necessary to reach optimal neurologic status is similar to the dorsal decompression technique.16 This technique has been reported to be clinically effective, with an average long-term success rate of 72%.15,16,18 This is most likely attributable to fusion occurring at the treated space post-operatively.15,19 It is likely that fusion resolves the vertebral instability and promotes the reduction of the remaining thickened ligamentous structures.

A modification of the traditional ventral slot is the inverted cone slot which maximizes spinal canal exposure with the aims of minimizing the risks of hemorrhage and subluxation. The slot resembles an inverted cone in which the base of the cone lies adjacent to the ventral vertebral canal.1 Two or more slots for the treatment of multiple ventral compressions can be performed, but the risks of complication are higher.1


Indirect Decompression
Distraction-stabilization techniques
Several techniques have been described to provide distraction and stabilization for treatment of DAWS. Distraction-stabilization techniques distract the vertebrae to stretch the thickened ligamentous structures and relieve spinal cord compression. The vertebrae are then stabilized with appropriate implants and fusion is promoted with bone autograft (cancellous, cortical or corticocancellous)4 or allograft.19 Various techniques have been used to maintain distraction and/or graft retention to allow for bony fusion of the affected interspace.4,20-28 The principle advantage of these techniques is the immediate relief of spinal cord and nerve root compression achieved by the distraction. Early implant failure with loss of distraction before bony fusion occurs has been the most common cause of failure in distraction-stabilization techniques. The short-term complication rate for the various distraction-fusion techniques has been reported to range from 10% to 21% and it is frequently associated with implant failure.

a) Distraction stabilization using pins or screws and PMMA
This technique is recommended for single ventral dynamic compressive lesions. A partial or standard ventral slot is performed to alleviate the spinal cord compression, prior to the application of 4 smooth or (preferably) positive profile Steinmann threaded pins or fully threaded screws29 (Fig 3).
After a standard ventral slot and spinal cord decompression, four pins (positive profile Steinmann threaded pins or fully threaded screws preferred) are placed at an angle, two in each vertebral body (A); linear traction is then applied to the intervertebral space, which is then maintained by a bone cement bridge as shown in this immediate post-operative radiographs (B).

The recommended angle of pin or screw insertion is 30 to 35 for the C5 and C6 vertebrae and 45 for the C7 vertebra.22, 30 Vertebral stability is then maintained by application of a polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) bridge that incorporates the pins or screws. The long term success of this technique is reported to be 73%.22 Bicortical penetration of pins or screws into the vertebral canal with spinal cord damage or vertebral artery or nerve root compromise has been reported to occur in 25% to 57% in experimental studies.29, 30 Other complications include failure of the bone cement bridges, pins, screws or plates, as well as various soft tissue complications, such as esophageal erosion because of ventral hardware or PMMA prominence.4
A novel screw-bar-PMMA fixation implant, consisting of screws inserted into the transverse processes and a U-shaped Steinman pin wired to the screw and covered by PMMA has been described in an experimental study.31 In this study, this technique reduced the incidence of penetration of the transverse foramen or vertebral canal compared with the traditional pin-PMMA implant.

b) Distraction using a PMMA plug.
This technique can be applied for either single or multiple ventral compressions.4,21 After performing a discectomy, distraction is applied (usually by using a modified Gelpi retractor applied in two pre-drilled holes in the ventral cortex of the affected vertebrae), an anchor hole is drilled into the cranial and caudal endplates, and PMMA in the semifluid state (before polymerization) is poured in the slot and in the anchor holes.20 (Fig. 4)
Two holes are created in the cranial and caudal endplates to anchor the PMMA plug (a). Immediate post-surgical radiography showing that the PMMA plug is providing adequate distraction at the treated disc space. The still visible myelogram is showing that the spinal cord is free of compression (b). To promote fusion, a cancellous bone marrow allograft (arrows) collected from both humeral heads is placed along the ventral aspect of the two involved vertebrae covering the PMMA plug (c).

Ventral Slot Surgery Recovery Kit

Modification of this technique includes placement of a retention screw or pin ventral to the plug.4 The long-term success rate with this technique is reported to be 82%.21 Complications may include ventral implant migration and consequently distraction failure. The heat generated during polymerization of the PPMA may cause end plate necrosis, with intrusion of the PMMA plug into the vertebra and consequently distraction failure. Another disadvantage of this technique is the required application of a well-padded cervical brace for 8 weeks, which has to be replaced every 2 weeks (or sooner if problems arise). This is not well tolerated by some patients.

c) Distraction-stabilization fusion with locking plates and screws.
This technique is indicated for a single-level traction-responsive DAWS lesion. A few approaches to this distraction-stabilization technique have been described.20,28,32 These include discectomy, distraction of the affected space with a Caspar cervical distractor, inserting in the distracted space either a cancellous bone allograft20 or a cortical ring allograft to promote fusion28, and fixing the vertebrae of the affected site in distraction with the Synthes Cervical Spine Locking Plate (CSLP) (Fig 5).
Titanium single-level small stature cervical spine locking plate and unicortical locking screws (Synthes spine) (A), together with freshly thawed distal femoral cancellous block allograft (Veterinary Transplant Service Inc.) (B), are used to maintain the affected disc space distracted, as shown in the immediate post-operative radiographs (C and D). The block graft is carefully sculpted by mean of high speed air drill to the exact shape and dimensions of the distracted disc space to maintain distraction and to maximize surface area of contact between graft and end plate. Coutesy of Dr. E.G. Trotter; reprinted with permission.20

The disadvantages of these techniques are the high technical abilities necessary, and the cost associated with the plate, the screws and the allograft. This type of plating system is designed for use on the human cervical vertebral column (explaining the high cost), and because the ventral aspect of the canine cervical spine tends to have more variation in shape, additional time and technical ability is needed to contour the ventral surface of the vertebral column, through drilling of the bone, in combination with bending of the spinal plate to fit. The success rate using this technique has ranged from 80% to 83%.20,28 The overall success rate using direct access or indirect decompression is approximately 80% (70% – 90%).1

Ventral Slot Surgery Recovery Procedure


Domino Lesion or Adjacent Segment Disease
Clinical relapse after initial recovery is a common complication after surgical intervention for DAWS.4,6,33 These episodes are generally caused by the development of a new compressive lesion on the spinal cord at a disc space adjacent to the surgically treated site.34 This is commonly known as a domino lesion or adjacent segment disease. The exact etiopathogenesis of this complication is controversial.35 It is likely that fusion or distraction may increase the risk of a domino lesion. Domino lesions are believed to be the result, at least in part, of abnormal stresses imposed on one intervertebral space by fixation of an interspace adjacent to it. These stresses can exacerbate any pre-existing subclinical instability, and reproduce the same problem at an adjacent disc space4,36 (Fig. 6).
MRI (T2-weighted sagittal) one year post-surgery, in a 7 year-old Doberman surgically treated for DAWS at C6-C7. The dog was treated with distraction fusion using a cortical bone graft and stabilized with titanium screws. The dog presented one year later with chronic progressive tetrapatesis. New compressive “domino” lesions, likely as consequence of the fusion at the treated site, are evident at C5-C6 ventrally, and at C4-C5 and C3-4 dorsally (arrows). Courtesy of Dr. G. Destrero

Some others believe that the development of the adjacent segment disease is part of the natural progression of the disease, and if this is true DAWS should be considered a multifocal disease.35 Recurrence of clinical signs secondary to a domino lesion may occur as a late post-operative complication with any of the above described techniques. Recurrence of paraparesis or tetraparesis occurs in up to one-third of dogs after either ventral slot or metal implant and bone cement fixation, mainly with distraction-stabilization techniques.1 It usually occurs between six months and four years after the original surgery, with a mean recurrence of around two years.16,37 A meta-analyis of dogs treated surgically for DAWS revealed an 80% short-term success rate with about 20% of successful surgeries having significant recurrence after long-term follow-up.35 The type of surgery performed (decompression versus distraction-fusion) did not influence the outcome. Because MRI may allow early identification of the adjacent intervertebral space at risk of developing a domino lesion, treatment of the affected and/or suspected adjacent intervertebral disc space may be recommended to reduce the incidence of domino lesions.4,21,26 Given the high rate of surgical failure and long term recurrence, new methods are continually investigated for the treatment of DAWS in dogs.


Direct Decompression with Distraction and Dynamic Stabilization
Cervical Disc Arthroplasty
Cervical disc arthroplasty is a novel technique and it is mainly indicated for dogs with DAWS with single or multi-level traction-responsive spinal cord compression. 37,38 The goals of this technique are to provide distraction and greater stability, while preserving motion after neural decompression. This technique includes ventral spinal cord decompression via a discectomy, minor burring of the vertebral end-plates (more of the caudal end-plate) to accommodate the implant, and placement of an artificial disc, which is specifically designed and manufactured for the dog’s cervical spine. 37-39 (Figs. 7-11).
The prosthesis is made of a titanium alloy, and consists of two end-plates, with a range of movement of 30o between the plates. This prosthesis is rotationally unconstrained, following the ball-end-socket principle, and independent of supplemental fixation. The concavity and convexity of the central aspects of the end plate surfaces result in a ball-and-socket type of connection between the end plates. The articulated ball is made of PolyEtherEther-Ketone (PEEK) to avoid metal-to-metal friction. The external surface of each-endplate is convex resembling the concavity of the caudal end plate of the most caudal cervical vertebrae. The outer surface of each end plate has concentric grooves and is pre-treated with a dual acid etch bath to promote bone ingrowth into the prosthesis. Six standard sizes of prosthesis are available, labeled S1, S2, S3, and M1, M2, and M3. Two end-threaded stainless pins and a barrel holder are used to hold together the two pieces of the implant during placement within the disc space. The threaded end of the pin is screwed into each piece of the implant (A). After the two pieces of the implant are assembled, the two pins are inserted into the barrel holder (B). A burr resembling the external convexity of the prosthesis is custom made for milling the slot to precisely accommodate the external convexity of the implant within the slot (C). A twenty-degree angle attachment for the high-speed air drill is used to facilitate burring at an angle parallel to the disc space (D). The barrel holder has the double function of holding the prosthesis assembled with one extremity (E) and to unscrew the end-threaded pins after the prosthesis is placed in the slot with the other extremity.
After routine surgical preparation, the ventral aspect of the affected vertebral bodies is accessed via a standard approach as for a ventral slot procedure. A discectomy is performed across the intervertebral space. A self-retaining Caspar distractor is placed and maintained distracted to allow the final cleaning of the disc space and the subsequent burring with the dedicated burr (A). The prosthesis is inserted while maintaining the Caspar distractor in maximal distraction. Gentle pressure is applied to force the implant into the slot, and an audible click is usually heard when the convex area of the implant slips past the edge of the slot (B). To ensure that the implant is seated (as much as possible) on the midline, the barrel holder is rotated until the fissure of its proximal end is aligned with the long axis of the vertebrae (C). After implantation, the distraction is released, allowing the two vertebral end-plates to collapse on the prosthesis. After assessing that the prosthesis is correctly seated in position, in order to ensured that the implant is firmly in position, the two pins still screwed in the prosthesis are grasped with a needle holder and upward traction is applied in an attempt to dislocate the prosthesis from the slot. Once the surgeon is satisfied that the prosthesis is held snuggly between the vertebrae, the two pins are unscrewed from the two prosthetic end-plates, and the two Caspar distractor pins are removed from the vertebral bodies. Bone wax or gel foam is placed to stop the bleeding that might occur at the holes created by the two Caspar distractor pins. The longus colli, sternohyoideus, and sternocephalicus muscles and subcutaneous and subcuticular tissues are then closed in a routine manner. Courtesy of Wiley-Blackwell; with permission.
Intraoperative photo (A), and immediate post-operative radiographs (B and C), of the same dog in Fig 1 affected by disc associated wobbler syndrome at C3-C4 and C5-C6, and with a suspected congenital vertebral fusion at C4-C5. Multiple cervical disc arthroplasty was recommended to avoid additional fusion at the affected spaces, which, in addition to the pre-existing one, could have had predispose the patient to a domino lesion at C6-C7. Nine months post-operative radiographs in lateral (D) dorsiflexion (E) ventroflexion (F) and ventro-lateral (G) showed mild decrease of the original vertebral distraction, no heterotopic ossifications and retaining of mobility at both treated spaces. This dog presented with a four months history of progressive ataxia/tetraparesis and regained a full neurological function.
MRI T2 weighted of 6 year-old Doberman with a two-year history of ataxia/tetraparesis treated with NSAID who presented with acute tetraplegia; the MRI showed multi-level DAWS lesion at C5-C6 and C6-C7 (A). The dog was treated with double cervical disc replacement and the immediate post-operative radiograph showed adequate disc placement at both treated sites (B). The dog became ambulatory two weeks post-surgery and neurologically normal four months later. (C). At seven months follow up post-operative radiographs showed decreased of the immediate post-surgery vertebral distraction and heterotopic ossification at both treated spaces Mobility was not detectable at C6-C7 and significantly decreased at C5-C6. (D). However, this didn’t affect the clinical out-come. The dog continued to maintain his normal neurological status without any adjuvant anti-inflammatory or anti-pain medication.
MRI T2 weighed of a 12 year-old Dalmation with a six-month history of ataxia/tetraparesis unresponsive to corticosteroids; the MRI showed multi-level DAWS lesion at C3-C4, C4-C5 and C5-C6. The dog was treated with triple cervical disc replacement and the immediate post-operative radiograph showed adequate disc placement at both treated sites. One day post-op, he dog’s neurological status was not worse than the pre-operative status. The dog was still ambulatory, appeared comfortable and was sent home one day post-surgery.

Cervical disc arthroplasty has the potential to achieve the optimal goals of spinal cord and nerve root decompression, restoration of the biomechanics at the surgically treated sites, sparing the adjacent disc spaces from the alterations in loading associated with the standard ventral slot and distraction-fusion surgical techniques, and potentially preventing the occurrence of a domino lesion. Experimentally, pre-clinical studies of this technique showed that canine cervical spines with this implanted prosthesis had biomechanical behaviors (i.e. flexion, extension, lateral bending, and torsion) similar to an intact spine when compared to cervical spines treated with ventral slot or PMMA distraction-fusion techniques.39 In two separate clinical studies, cervical disc arthroplasty was well-tolerated and all dogs had immediate post-operative recovery with adequate degree of distraction in the immediate post-operative radiographs.37,38 In the majority of dogs, the distraction was moderately lost over time; though at a median follow-up of 15 months this was not clinically significant.38 Cervical disc arthroplasty, similar to ventral slot, allows direct spinal cord decompression at the affected site(s).37,38 Similar to distraction-fusion techniques, cervical disc arthroplasty provides immediate distraction at the treated site(s), which further decreases any residual compression from the redundant ligamentous structures, and relieves spinal cord ischemia caused by compression of the vertebral spinal artery. The reopening of the narrowed intervertebral foramina further decompresses the nerve roots, eliminating recurrent cervical pain.


Advantages of Cervical Disc Arthroplasty versus Standard Surgical Techniques
The advantage over the standard ventral slot is that the artificial disc acts as an internal spacer, preventing the early collapse of the intervertebral disc space that is usually associated with ventral slot. The advantage over pins or screws and PMMA distraction-fixation techniques is the elimination of the potential complications associated with pin impingement on neurovascular structures.37 The advantages over the distraction and fusion with plate and screws are that the artificial disc is a self-anchoring device that doesn’t require the expensive surgical equipment and cost associated with plating two vertebrae, and the elimination of the potential complications associated with failure of these implants.37 Additional advantages of arthroplasty over these technique are that the prosthesis is relatively easy to implant, is cost-effective (its cost may be equivalent to the cost of the pins and PMMA, and significantly less compared to the locking plate-fusion techniques), doesn’t require special instrumentation used for plating, and can be applied to multiple sites if needed. This is particularly important in the event of multiple lesions or when signs of mild spinal cord impingement are evident at adjacent intervertebral disc spaces during MRI.37 Cervical disc replacement is less invasive than traditional surgeries, reduces the risks and failures of more common surgical techniques, and it is associated with a faster post-operative recovery. Dogs that are ambulatory prior to surgery are expected to be ambulatory after surgery, and thereby this technique can even be performed on an outpatient basis. Lastly, the possibility of performing MRI studies after implantation of this titanium prosthesis, without interfering with spinal cord visibility, is a distinct advantage over many other distraction stabilization techniques.37 In the event of recurrent clinical signs, this allows accurate re-evaluation of the spinal cord at the treated site as well as adjacent locations.37
Possible complications associated with this type of cervical arthroplasty, similar to those reported in humans, include subsidence (sinking of the implant into the softer cancellous bone of the vertebral body), heterotopic ossification and ankylosis at the treated sites, and prosthesis migration.37,38

Ventral Slot Surgery Recovery Surgery


Conclusions
Disc associated Wobbler syndrome and bone associated Wobbler syndrome are relatively common causes of chronic spinal cord compression in adult large breed dogs. DAWS and BAWS are considered surgical diseases. While for BAWS direct spinal cord decompression through a dorsal laminectomy or hemilaminectomy seems to be the best way to treat this disease process, the ideal surgical procedure for DAWS still does not exist. Preliminary clinical studies are showing that cervical disc prosthesis is a valuable method to treat single and multilevel DAWS lesions in dogs. By preserving the motion segment, arthroplasty represents an attempt to prevent adjacent segment degeneration while treating the underlying disease. Because of the minimal morbidity and many other advantages of this technique, use of cervical arthroplasty may increase owners’ willingness to pursue the surgical treatment of their pets.


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